“France, which has territories in the Indo-Pacific, stands out as Europe’s primary military actor in the region, leading maritime deployments and accounting for a large share of naval cooperation.”
“The United Kingdom, which holds the British Indian Ocean Territory, also remains a key security provider through forward-deployed assets and long-standing regional arrangements.”
“Germany and Italy contribute to bilateral military deployments and partnerships in Northeast Asia, while Central and Eastern European countries, especially Poland and Czechia, focus on defence-industrial ties, including arms production and technology transfer. The Baltic states, notably Estonia, primarily focus on cybersecurity cooperation.”
“Roughly a quarter of all EU–Indo-Pacific cooperation agreements involve defence-industrial activity, but the lack of coordination often resulted in duplication and competition, with European defence firms bidding against each other in countries such as India or Indonesia, the study found.”
“Turkey’s presence in the region sharpens the problem…”