“Together, the ACSA [Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement] and the RAA [Reciprocal Access Agreement] expand boots-on-the-ground operational access, while the former further institutionalises logistical interoperability. In addition to ACSA, the Philippines Foreign Affairs Secretary, Theresa Lazaro and Japan’s Foreign Minister, Toshimitsu Motegi, signed two other bilateral agreements: the 900 million Yen Exchange of Notes for OSA [Official Security Assistance]. The Philippines lies along key sea lanes, including the South China Sea and the Luzon Strait, which play a significant role in regional security. Under the OSA programme, the construction of boathouses and slipways for the Philippine Navy’s rigid-hulled inflatable boats is the first infrastructure project. The project is expected to enhance the Philippine Navy’s marine domain awareness and surveillance capabilities.”
“The strengthening of defence ties between Japan and the Philippines, two US allies, suggests that a new security network centred on the US has emerged alongside existing minilateral organisations such as the QUAD. In Indo-Pacific geopolitics, the security alliance between the Philippines and Japan has developed gradually. It has significantly strengthened Manila’s diplomatic anchor and further integrated it into the current network of US-led alliances in the region. Both Lazaro and Motegi reaffirmed their commitment to bolstering the trilateral partnership among Japan, the Philippines and the US.”